Angličtina - Science and Technology

• reasons - getting food, shelter, travelling, fighting, wars (Cold war)
• materials
  • wood, bone, horn, stone
  • 6500 B.C. - lead was being extracted from rock, then copper 3000 years later
  • Iron age - metal, iron
• inventions and important events
  • the birth of technology
    • primitive tools: lever, wedge (muscle power)
    • wheel (4500 B.C.) => carts, windmills, waterwheels
  • new inventions (9th-18th century)
    • gunpowder, print machine (Johannes Gutenberg; 1440s), telescope, microscope, lighting conductor (Diviš & Benjamin Franklin)
  • the first industrial revolution (1760-1840)
    • agrarian economy => machinery & manufacturing
    • political power transfer to industrian capitalist, urban working class
    • steam engine - James Watt - 18th century
      • originally for draining mines
      • => trains, other machines
    • photography
  • the second industrial revolution (19th century)
    • electricity (1880s)
      • dynamo - Michael Faraday - potencial of electical motor
      • lighting
        • arc lamp - František Křižík
        • electric bulb - Thomas Edison
          • => first powe station
      • electric motors which powered all kinds of machinery
    • internal-combustion engine (Nicolas Otto, 1880s)
      • the first petrol driven motorcar (Daimler & Benz)
    • movies (TV), X-rays, radio, radar
    • atomic bomb (1940s)
      • nuclear energy
      • other sources of energy
        • coal, natural gas, oil
        • wind, solar, tidal
    • penicillin (1928)
      • the first antibiotic drug
      • Sir Alexander Fleming - Nobel prize winner
    • space research (space flights)
      • 1957 - the first satellites by Russians
      • 1961 - the first man in space (Yuri Gagarin)
      • 1969 - the first step on Moon's surface (Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong)
  • the third scientific-technical revolution (from 1945)
    • cumputers, internet, body chips, electronic cash